Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316) was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate. His reign is marked by significant military conquests, administrative reforms, and economic strategies that left a lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent.

Achievements:

1. Military Conquests: Alauddin Khilji expanded the boundaries of the Delhi Sultanate through numerous military campaigns. He conquered Gujarat, Ranthambore, Chittorgarh, Malwa, and Warangal, extending his rule deep into Southern India.
2. Defense Against Mongol Invasions: Khilji successfully repelled several Mongol invasions, securing the northern frontiers of his empire. His robust defensive strategies included fortifications and maintaining a large standing army.
3. Market Reforms: He introduced stringent market regulations to control prices of essential commodities. This included the establishment of fixed prices for goods and the creation of state granaries to prevent hoarding and famine.
4. Construction Projects: Alauddin commissioned the construction of the Alai Darwaza, a gateway to the Qutub Minar complex, showcasing his patronage of architecture.

Reforms:

1. Revenue System: Alauddin implemented the system of Dagh (branding of horses) and Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers) to ensure efficient military organization. This system improved the accountability and effectiveness of the army.
2. Land Reforms: He introduced the Kharaj (land tax) which was set at 50% of the produce. This tax system increased state revenue and curtailed the power of the landed aristocracy.
3. Administrative Reforms: Khilji centralized the administration, reducing the powers of the nobles and regional governors (Amirs and Muqtis). This centralization aimed to prevent rebellions and ensure loyalty to the Sultan.
4. Market Control: He established the Diwan-i-Riyasat, a department to oversee market regulations, ensuring the availability of goods at controlled prices.

Trivia and Lesser-Known Facts:

• Alauddin Khilji’s real name was Ali Gurshasp.
• He was known for his authoritarian rule and maintained a strict surveillance system over his nobles and officials.
• His reign saw the introduction of the practice of Sijda (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the feet) in the royal court, demonstrating his demand for absolute subservience.
• Alauddin’s successful defense against the Mongols significantly contributed to the stability and security of the Indian subcontinent during his reign.