Key Points:

1. Definition of Language:

   • Language is a structured system of communication used by humans, consisting of spoken, written, and signed forms.
   • It involves the use of symbols (words) and grammar (rules) to convey meaning.

2. Function of Language:

   • Communication: Primary tool for expressing thoughts, emotions, and ideas.
   • Cognitive: Facilitates thinking, learning, and problem-solving.
   • Social: Builds and maintains social relationships.
   • Cultural: Preserves and transmits culture and traditions.

3. Definition of Literature:

   • Literature refers to written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
   • It encompasses various genres, including poetry, prose, and drama.

4. Function of Literature:

   • Aesthetic: Provides pleasure and a sense of beauty.
   • Educational: Enhances knowledge, critical thinking, and empathy.
   • Cultural: Reflects and shapes society’s values and norms.
   • Social Critique: Offers commentary on social issues and promotes change.
   • Historical: Preserves historical events and cultural practices.

5. Scope of Language:

   • Linguistics: Study of language structure (syntax, phonetics, semantics).
   • Sociolinguistics: Examines the relationship between language and society.
   • Psycholinguistics: Investigates the psychological aspects of language acquisition and use.
   • Applied Linguistics: Practical applications of language study, such as language teaching and translation.

6. Scope of Literature:

   • Genres: Includes poetry, drama, fiction, non-fiction, and more.
   • Periods: Encompasses various literary periods (e.g., Classical, Medieval, Renaissance, Modern).
   • Themes: Explores themes such as love, conflict, identity, and mortality.
   • Critical Theories: Includes analysis through lenses like feminism, post-colonialism, and structuralism.

The Social Roots of Literature:

1. Society and Literature:

   • Literature is a product of its socio-historical context and reflects societal values, beliefs, and issues.
   • Authors often draw from their cultural environment to create relatable and impactful works.

2. Role of Literature in Society:

   • Mirror to Society: Reflects the realities and complexities of human life.
   • Agent of Change: Can inspire social reform and influence public opinion.
   • Cultural Preservation: Maintains and transmits cultural heritage and traditions.
   • Social Critique: Highlights societal flaws and injustices, encouraging critical reflection and discussion.